![]() In neighbouring Iraq, temperatures reached 51.6C (124.8F) on July 1, 2021, with Omidiyeh, Iran, not far behind with a maximum temperature of 51C (123.8F) recorded so far. On June 22, the Kuwaiti city of Nuwaiseeb recorded the highest temperature in the world so far this year at 53.2C (127.7F). Kuwait – the hottest place on Earth in 2021 Just south of the border in the US state of Oregon, the city of Portland hit an all-time high of 46.6C (116F), breaking the previous high of 41.6C (107F), first set in 1965. Schools, universities and vaccination centres were closed across British Columbia. On June 29, Lytton, a small town about 200km (124 miles) from Vancouver, hit 49.6C (121F), setting a national record for the highest temperature ever recorded across Canada. A so-called “heat dome”, where high pressure traps the heat, is being blamed for the excessively high temperatures. In the United States, the ongoing heatwave has buckled highways and melted power lines. Since Friday June 25, at least 486 sudden deaths have been recorded in Canada’s British Columbia province as temperatures soared to nearly 50C (122F). Conf.June was an exceptionally hot month for several countries in the northern hemisphere. ![]() Porter, eds., Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), Princeton, NJ, 1995, vol. Rachakonda: Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, M. Porter, eds., Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), Princeton NJ, 1995, vol. Conway: Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, M. Neupaver, eds., Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), Princeton, NJ, 1994, vol.7, pp. Eisen: Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Proc. Koizumi, ed., Elsevier Science, Barking, 1992, pp. Hirano: Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Applications: Proc. Shima: Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Applications. Linzer, eds., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Materials Park OH, 1991, pp. Yeheskel: Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Applications: Proc. Petzoldt: Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), Princeton, NJ, 1995, vol. Springer, eds., Honolulu, July 15–19, 1991, Society for Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering (SAMPE), 1991, pp. Composites Design, Manufacture and Application, ICCM VIII, Section 12–21, S.W. Ashby: HIP487, version HIP6.1, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1990, and accompanying documentation on Sintering and Isostatic Pressing Diagrams. Thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1977.į.B. Smugeresky: personal communication with R.M. Messing: Isostatic Pressing Theory and Applications, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1991, pp. ![]() on Phase Transformations, Institute of Metals, London, 1968, pp. Daniell: Sintering, Heyden, London, 1978, p. ![]() MCIC-77-34, Columbus Laboratories, Battelle, Columbus, OH, 1987. Superalloys Processing, TMS-AIME, Champion, PA, 1972, pp. German: Sintering Theory and Practice, Wiley, New York, NY, 1996. Rickinson: Hot Isostatic Processing, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1991, p. Garvare, ed., Centek, Lulea, Sweden, 1987, pp. on Hot Isostatic Pressing, Lulea, June 15–17, 1987, T. British Investment Casters Trade Association, Alvechurch, 1983, pp. ![]() Greenwood: Proc 17th Annual BICTA Conf., Stratford-Upon-Avon, Sept. However, the shrinkage can now be well predicted, provided that the material and container properties are accurately known. In hipping, although the pressure is isostatic, shrinkage is not generally isotropic, particularly if containment is used. In the macroscopic approach, the compact is treated as a continuous medium. In the microscopic approach, the various mechanisms of densification are analyzed in terms of a single particle and its surroundings. Models can be classified either as microscopic or macroscopic in their approach. The current state of understanding and modeling of hipping is then reviewed. In this article, the basic science of sintering and hipping is summarized and contrasted. Encapsulated powder and sintered components alike are densified to give improved mechanical properties and a reduction in the scatter band of properties. Under these conditions of heat and pressure, internal pores or defects within a solid body collapse and diffusion bond. The pressure is applied with a gas (usually inert) and, so, is isostatic. It involves the simultaneous application of a high pressure and elevated temperature in a specially constructed vessel. Hot isostatic pressing (hipping) can be used for upgrading castings, densifying presintered components, consolidating powders, and interfacial bonding. ![]()
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